Q. What are the early warning signs of cancer, and how can individuals recognize them?

Early detection of cancer can make a crucial difference in treatment success and outcomes. Recognizing warning signs early and seeking timely medical advice are key steps. Here’s a guide to some of the most common early signs of cancer and what to look out for.

1. Unexplained Weight Loss

If you've lost weight rapidly without making changes to your diet or physical activity, this could be a sign. Unexplained weight loss, especially over 10 pounds, is often associated with cancers of the pancreas, stomach, oesophagus, or lungs. Weight loss happens as the body starts burning extra energy, potentially due to the presence of abnormal cells.

When to Consult: If you’ve lost more than 5% of your body weight within a few weeks or months without explanation, schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider.

2. Persistent Fatigue

While fatigue can result from a busy lifestyle, chronic and severe exhaustion that doesn’t improve with rest can be an early sign of leukaemia, colon cancer, or stomach cancer. This kind of fatigue stems from cancer cells using up the body’s nutrients, which depletes energy levels.

When to Consult: If you feel constantly tired, even after resting, and it’s impacting your daily life, it’s a good idea to discuss it with a medical professional.

3. New Lumps or Thickening Under the Skin

A lump or thickening in areas such as the breast, testicles, lymph nodes, or soft tissue can be a warning sign. Not all lumps are cancerous, but they should never be ignored. Some cancers, such as those of the breast, testicles, or soft tissues (like sarcomas), often manifest as a new mass or thickening.

When to Consult: If you notice a new lump or a change in the size or feel of an existing lump, it’s time to consult a doctor, even if it’s painless.

4. Changes in Skin Appearance

Skin changes can often signal various types of cancer, not just skin cancer. Watch for sores that don’t heal, unusual changes in a mole, or the development of new pigmentation. Look for asymmetry, irregular borders, changes in colour, diameter, and if it’s evolving in any way — known as the “ABCDE” rule for melanoma.

When to Consult: If you notice any new or evolving changes in your skin, book a visit to a dermatologist. Early detection of skin changes can lead to better outcomes.

5. Unexplained Pain or Persistent Aches

Persistent pain, especially in the back, bones, or joints, can sometimes be a symptom of cancers like bone, brain, or ovarian cancer. Pain in specific areas often indicates that cancer may have spread or is affecting deeper tissues or organs.

When to Consult: Chronic pain that does not resolve with normal treatment or lasts for weeks should be evaluated by a healthcare provider to rule out potential causes, including cancer.

6. Changes in Bowel or Bladder Habits

Changes like frequent constipation, diarrhoea, blood in the stool, or persistent abdominal discomfort could signal cancers of the digestive tract. Blood in the urine, frequent urination, or pain during urination may point to bladder or prostate cancers.

When to Consult: Noticeable changes in bowel or bladder habits that last more than a couple of weeks warrant a consultation. Your healthcare provider may recommend tests to investigate further.

7. Persistent Cough or Hoarseness

Coughing is common, but if you experience a persistent cough or a hoarse voice that doesn’t improve with time, it may be a sign of lung or throat cancer. Often, people dismiss chronic cough as a lingering cold or allergy, but if it lasts longer than expected, it’s worth a second look.

When to Consult: If a cough or hoarseness lasts for more than three weeks, especially if it’s accompanied by blood in the sputum, it’s wise to consult a physician.

8. Unusual Bleeding or Discharge

Unexpected bleeding can be an early warning sign for several types of cancer. This includes coughing up blood (possible lung cancer), bloody stool (could indicate colon or rectal cancer), or unusual vaginal bleeding (which can be an early sign of cervical or endometrial cancer).

When to Consult: Any unusual bleeding or discharge that doesn’t have a clear cause should be promptly evaluated by a healthcare provider.

Recognizing these signs can be a powerful step in taking control of your health. Remember, these symptoms alone do not mean cancer is present, as they can often stem from other conditions. However, early evaluation is essential to rule out or confirm a diagnosis. If you notice any of these symptoms, book a consultation with a healthcare provider who can guide you on next steps