Corona Virus (COVID-19) Being Responsible

The world is in a state of panic with fear of Corona and perhaps rightly so. Official, semi-official and unofficial guidances are pouring in from all possible sources. Social media has been promoting the use of masks only for sufferers of Corona infection and those who are having symptoms of cough and fever. Some experts have gone to the extent of suggesting that the use of mask for members of the general public may even be harmful. It may promote a sense of complacency among people, a false sense of safety leading to negligence of other precautions. Masks may be so ill-fitting that the user has to touch it frequently to adjust it, which may lead to transmission of infection. The virus is supposed to be transmitted by droplets coughed out by the sufferers. The purpose of the mask used by these people is to stop passing on the droplets to others. While this notion seems to make sense, it may not be entirely true and the use of masks by people at large may still have some protective value. There may be people who are infected and not aware of it. Avoiding relatively close contact with such people at public places may not be easy in populous countries which are not locked down completely yet. Use of mask in that situation may provide some protection at least. After all the infected droplets need to be inhaled to cause further infection and a mask over the mouth and nostrils will prevent the inhalation to some extent. It seems, therefore, that discouraging people from using masks may be an irresponsible act. What should be emphasized instead is that using a mask is not the end of your responsibility towards protecting yourself and others. Other precautions are equally important. Following are a few examples:
1. If you have cough and/or fever, confine yourself indoors and avoid coming in contact with people, specially children, elderly and those with chronic illnesses.
2. Wash your hands well with soap and water frequently and certainly after touching anyone or anything.
3. Avoid touching your face and eyes unnecessarily.
4. Do not cough in the open or on your hands. Use a tissue or your sleeve instead. Bin the tissue immediately.
5. Avoid unnecessary travels.
6. Avoid public gatherings.
7. If you suspect you may be infected with Corona, do not use antibiotics, they will not be effective.
8. When interacting with strangers or those with cough/fever, stand at least three steps away.

Dr Vibhash Mishra, London, UK, Chief Medical Officer, Second Medic

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Guillain-Barre syndrome - Symptoms and causes

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare but serious neurological condition in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nervous system. This condition can lead to muscle weakness, numbness, and even paralysis in severe cases. Understanding Guillain-Barré syndrome symptoms, causes, and treatment options is crucial for early detection and effective management.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome Symptoms

The symptoms of Guillain-Barré syndrome typically begin with mild sensations of tingling or numbness in the hands and feet. These early signs of Guillain-Barré syndrome may quickly progress to more severe issues, including:

Muscle Weakness: Starting in the legs and spreading to the upper body, this weakness can become so severe that mobility is significantly impaired.
Reflex Loss: Deep tendon reflexes, such as the knee-jerk response, are often diminished or absent.
Pain: Many individuals experience sharp or cramping pain, particularly in the lower back.
Difficulty with Eye or Facial Movements: Symptoms may include difficulty speaking, chewing, or swallowing.
Respiratory Problems: In some cases, Guillain-Barré syndrome and respiratory failure become significant concerns, necessitating immediate medical intervention.
Autonomic Dysfunction: Irregular heart rhythms, blood pressure fluctuations, and other involuntary functions can be affected.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome Causes

The exact causes of Guillain-Barré syndrome are not fully understood. However, it is widely believed that the syndrome is triggered by an overactive immune response to an infection or other environmental factors. Common Guillain-Barré syndrome causes and risk factors include:

Viral Infections: Conditions such as influenza, Zika virus, and Epstein-Barr virus have been associated with GBS.
Bacterial Infections: Campylobacter jejuni, a bacterium often linked to food poisoning, is a common trigger.
Vaccinations: Although extremely rare, certain vaccines have been linked to GBS.
Surgical Procedures: Some individuals may develop Guillain-Barré syndrome following surgery.
Other Risk Factors: A history of autoimmune disorders or genetic predispositions may increase the risk.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome Progression Stages

Guillain-Barré syndrome progression stages typically unfold in three distinct phases:

Initial Stage: Lasting 1-4 weeks, this stage includes the rapid onset of Guillain-Barré syndrome symptoms such as weakness and numbness.
Plateau Stage: Symptoms stabilize but remain severe. This stage can last several weeks.
Recovery Stage: Gradual improvement begins, although Guillain-Barré syndrome recovery time can vary significantly between individuals, often taking weeks to months.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome Diagnosis

Diagnosing Guillain-Barré syndrome requires a thorough clinical evaluation. Physicians rely on specific Guillain-Barré syndrome diagnosis criteria, which include:

Patient History: Recent infections or medical procedures may provide crucial clues.
Neurological Examination: Reflexes, muscle strength, and sensory responses are assessed.
Electrodiagnostic Tests: Nerve conduction studies (NCS) and electromyography (EMG) help identify nerve damage.
Lumbar Puncture: Testing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can reveal elevated protein levels, a hallmark of GBS.

Early diagnosis is essential for effective treatment and to prevent complications like Guillain-Barré syndrome and respiratory failure.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome Treatment

Treatment for Guillain-Barré syndrome focuses on managing symptoms and speeding up recovery. The primary Guillain-Barré syndrome treatment options include:

Plasma Exchange (Plasmapheresis): This procedure removes harmful antibodies from the blood.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG): High-dose immunoglobulin therapy helps neutralize the antibodies attacking the nervous system.
Supportive Care: Ventilatory support may be needed in severe cases, along with physical therapy to aid rehabilitation.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome Prognosis

The prognosis for Guillain-Barré syndrome varies depending on the severity of the condition and the timeliness of treatment. While most individuals recover fully, Guillain-Barré syndrome prognosis can include long-term complications such as:

Persistent Weakness: Some patients may experience lingering muscle weakness.
Nerve Damage: Chronic nerve pain or numbness can occur in rare cases.
Recurrence: Although uncommon, some individuals may develop Guillain-Barré syndrome again.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome Recovery Time

Guillain-Barré syndrome recovery time can range from a few weeks to several months. Factors that influence recovery include:

Age: Younger individuals generally recover faster.
Severity: Severe cases with extensive nerve damage may take longer to heal.
Timely Treatment: Early intervention is key to minimizing long-term effects and shortening recovery time.

Conclusion

Guillain-Barré syndrome is a challenging condition that requires early recognition and prompt treatment. By understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatment options, individuals can better manage this syndrome and improve their outcomes. If you or a loved one suspect Guillain-Barré syndrome, consult a healthcare professional immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for a full recovery.