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Published on: Sep 22, 2021
2 minute read
By: Second Medic Expert

How Effective Is Breast Cancer Screening?

Mammograms are a type of screening where images of the breast tissue are taken. Mammograms detect breast cancer cells in mammary glands, as well as identify growths and tumors that might not be found at a physical exam. A mammogram is basically a high-quality picture that takes different views from all angles to show anything off from tissues to cysts or clots hidden within the breasts.

The overwhelming majority of women with breast cancer have no identifiable risk factors and their tumors were detected by screening mammography. But about 85% of the time, a mammographic abnormality found through routine screening is benign and will never cause a woman any harm during her lifetime. The potential to save lives from breast cancer overshadows this downside, but it brings up questions about whether we're just creating an environment where lots of people must endure unnecessary follow-up tests that come back negative for the disease.

Breast cancer screening is very effective if done on a regular basis. It's often called the "mammogram." The bigger picture is this- mammograms may reduce mortality rates by about 20%. This means for every 1,000 women who are screened annually for breast cancer without mammography, 10 women may avoid death due to breast cancer specifically. With mammography alone, there are likely six saved lives for each 1,000. Screening mammography has been shown to reduce the risk of dying from breast cancer by 27%.

The reduction in mortality is small and only applies to women who go for screening. Women who do not go for screening have a similar mortality rate as women in control groups.

For every 2000 women screened, one life is saved; however, at this same time, 10 healthy women will be told they have breast cancer when they do not (false positives) and 16 will be falsely reassured (false negatives). It's important to remember that many lives lost because of breast cancer would most likely occur even if resources were directed elsewhere. For example, 40% of cases are attributable to weight gain, smoking or lack of exercise.

One study found that mammograms reduced breast cancer mortality rates by about 25%. For facilities providing mammograms, this is a strong return on investment. For facilities providing other types of breast health services (i.e., breastfeeding support), no randomized controlled trial has been done to date which can provide sufficient evidence for its effectiveness in reducing the incidence of breast cancer among at-risk women or reducing mortality rates associated with breast cancer if diagnosed.

Mammography's benefit does not come from any effect on breast cancer cells themselves, but rather it comes from the detection of breast tissue changes through comparisons between images taken at different times. It is not radiation-based and doesn't use ionizing radiation - so it has no harm associated with imaging techniques that use ionizing radiation, such as CT scans. Mammograms are painless and low risk to patient health.

What Screening Means:

-It's a screening when mammograms and breast physicals find small abnormalities in the breasts that we can't feel by touching/ looking. The study and observation of these abnormalities are called a "screening," and may lead to further diagnostic tests, such as biopsies or mammograms, depending on what else is found during the examination.

No matter how often you have it done, there are no guarantees--it's possible for these screenings to miss tumors/disease if they are small enough or scattered under enough fatty tissue... but screening finds many more abnormalities than would occur without screening.

The two screening methods used to detect cancer at an early stage when it can be most effectively treated are breast self-exam and mammography.

Screening saves lives by picking up cancer before they become life-threatening and putting patients in the early stage of treatment when they have the best prognosis. It also identifies people who may need further evaluation or follow-up care to look for other types of cancerous cells that are not detectable during the current screening test. Mammographic breast cancer screen is revolutionary because it does so much more than just looking for tumors. Screening programs have dramatically reduced incidence rates of advanced disease, improved diagnosis, led to earlier detection, improved survival rates, and improved quality of life."

There are two commonly used types of breast cancer screening. One is mammography, which uses X-rays to examine the breasts in detail. The other is breast ultrasound screening. Results from either type can lead to a biopsy that will be analyzed to determine whether there may be cancerous activity present in the breast tissue (see below for more information on these tests). It's currently unclear what proportion of cancers detected by screening would go undetected without mammography and ultrasound screenings.

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Understanding Cervical Cancer: Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment

Cervical cancer is a pressing health concern for women worldwide. This blog aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of cervical cancer, including its symptoms, prevention, and treatment options. By addressing keywords like cervical, abnormal vaginal bleeding, papilloma vaccine, incompetent cervix, cervical vaccine cost, and cervical problems, we aim to make this guide informative and practical.

Early Signs of Cervical Cancer in Women

Early detection of cervical cancer significantly increases the chances of successful treatment. The early signs of cervical cancer in women often include:

Abnormal vaginal bleeding: This symptom is one of the most common warning signs. It may occur between periods, after intercourse, or post-menopause.
Pelvic pain: Persistent or intermittent pelvic pain unrelated to menstrual cycles can signal a problem.
Unusual vaginal discharge: Discharge that is watery, bloody, or has a foul odour warrants medical attention.

Regular check-ups and awareness of these symptoms are crucial for early diagnosis.

The Role of HPV and Vaccination

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a primary cause of cervical cancer. Fortunately, HPV vaccination provides a robust line of defence against this virus. Adhering to HPV vaccination guidelines for cervical cancer prevention can reduce the risk significantly.

Papilloma vaccine: Administered to young individuals, ideally before exposure to HPV, this vaccine is highly effective.
Cervical vaccine cost: While costs may vary, many governments and organizations offer subsidized or free vaccination programs.

Promoting widespread vaccination is key to reducing the global burden of cervical cancer.

Cervical Cancer Screening Recommendations by Age

Regular screening is vital for early detection. Here are the cervical cancer screening recommendations by age:

Ages 21-29: A Pap smear every three years is recommended.
Ages 30-65: A combination of a Pap smear and HPV test every five years is ideal, or a Pap smear alone every three years.
Above 65: Women with a history of normal results may discontinue screening after consulting their healthcare provider.

Screening helps identify pre-cancerous changes, enabling timely intervention.

Understanding Cervical Problems and Their Impact

Various cervical problems can contribute to the risk of developing cancer. One such condition is an incompetent cervix, where the cervical tissue weakens, potentially complicating pregnancies. Awareness and early medical intervention are critical for managing such issues.

Treatment Options for Early-Stage Cervical Cancer

For those diagnosed early, several treatment options for early-stage cervical cancer are available:

Surgery: Procedures like a hysterectomy can remove cancerous tissues effectively.
Radiation therapy: Often combined with chemotherapy, this treatment targets and destroys cancer cells.
Chemotherapy: Used in conjunction with other treatments to manage advanced stages.

Each treatment plan is tailored to the individual’s specific needs and cancer stage.

Survival Rates for Cervical Cancer by Stage

The prognosis for cervical cancer improves with early detection. The survival rates for cervical cancer by stage are as follows:

Stage I: The five-year survival rate exceeds 90%.
Stage II: Survival rates range from 60% to 80%.
Stage III: The rates drop to around 50%.
Stage IV: Survival rates are below 30%.

These statistics underscore the importance of regular screenings and early intervention.

Side Effects of Radiation Therapy for Cervical Cancer

Radiation therapy is a common treatment for cervical cancer but may cause side effects. Understanding the side effects of radiation therapy for cervical cancer can help patients prepare:

Fatigue: A common but manageable side effect.
Skin irritation: Redness and soreness around the treatment area.
Digestive issues: Nausea and diarrhoea are not uncommon.

Healthcare providers offer strategies to mitigate these effects and ensure patient comfort during treatment.

Prevention: A Multifaceted Approach

Preventing cervical cancer involves a combination of vaccination, regular screenings, and healthy lifestyle choices. Here’s how to reduce your risk:

Get vaccinated: Ensure that you or your loved ones receive the HPV vaccine.
Routine screenings: Adhere to recommended screening schedules.
Practice safe sex: Limiting the number of sexual partners and using protection reduces HPV transmission risks.
Quit smoking: Tobacco use increases the likelihood of cervical and other cancers.

Embrace Your Health with SecondMedic

At SecondMedic, we prioritize your health and well-being. Whether you need guidance on cervical cancer screening recommendations by age or information on the cervical vaccine cost, our experts are here to help. Early detection and prevention are your strongest allies against cervical cancer.

Take charge of your health today. Schedule a consultation with SecondMedic and explore personalized healthcare solutions.