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Published on: Mar 29, 2022
2 minute read
By: Second Medic Expert

Kidney Stones Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, And Treatment

Kidney stones are one of the most common urinary tract disorders, affecting around 1 in 11 people. Although they can cause excruciating pain, kidney stones are usually harmless and can be treated easily. Kidney stones develop when certain chemicals build up in the urine and form crystals. These crystals can grow into large masses, known as stones. Stones can develop anywhere in the urinary tract, but most commonly occur in the kidneys or bladder.

There are a variety of different treatment options available for kidney stones, depending on the size and location of the stone. Smaller stones may pass on their own without any treatment necessary. Larger stones may need to be broken up with sound waves or surgically removed.

Kidney stones occur when calcium or other minerals build up in the kidney to form a stone-like mass. Stones can range in size from a grain of sand to a pea and may be as large as a golf ball. Most kidney stones eventually pass out of the body on their own without causing permanent damage. However, large kidney stones may cause severe pain and blockage of the urine flow. Some kidney stones require treatment with Surgery, sound waves, or Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) to break them into smaller pieces that can be passed naturally.

Kidney stones are one of the most common disorders of the urinary tract. They occur when tiny crystals form in the urine and become hard over time. Kidney stones can vary in size from a grain of sand to a golf ball and can cause severe pain. There are several types of kidney stones, but the most common type is made up of calcium oxalate. Other types include uric acid stones, struvite stones, and cystine stones. Kidney stones usually develop when there is an imbalance in the normal substances that make up urine. When these crystals form, they can stick together and create a stone. Dehydration is a major contributing factor to kidney stone formation.

There are several different types of kidney stones, but the most common type is made up of calcium oxalate crystals. Other less common types include uric acid, Struvite, and cystine stones. Treatment for kidney stones depends on the type of stone involved and may involve surgery, medications, or other medical procedures. There are multiple things that can cause kidney stones, including a high intake of certain types of food and beverages, dehydration, and a family history of the condition. The most common type of kidney stone is made up of calcium oxalate crystals, but other substances like uric acid or struvite can also cause stones to form.

Once a stone forms in the kidney, it can travel down the ureter (the tube connecting the kidney to the bladder) and get stuck. Kidney stones often cause no symptoms until they start to move down the ureters (the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder). This can cause severe pain in the lower abdomen and groin, as well as generalized abdominal pain and nausea.

They affect men and women of all ages, although they are most common in adults between the ages of 20 and 40. Kidney stones can be extremely painful and can cause serious health complications if left untreated. The good news is that kidney stones can be effectively treated, and in many cases, prevented altogether.

Most kidney stones can be treated with medication or surgery. But you may be able to prevent them by making some changes to your diet and lifestyle. If you’re wondering how to treat kidney stones, the first step is to see a doctor. They will likely order some tests, including a CT scan or an ultrasound, to get a better idea of the size and location of the stone. They will also order a urine test to

There are four types of kidney stones: calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, and struvite. Kidney stones can range in size from a small grain of sand to a large pebble. Most kidney stones pass out of the body without causing any damage. However, if a stone does not pass on its own and instead lodges in the urinary tract (ureter), it can block urine flow and cause pain.

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Impact of Air Pollution on Human Health: Risks, Effects and Prevention

Air pollution has become one of the most serious public health challenges worldwide. In India, rapid urbanisation, vehicle emissions, industrial activity and seasonal factors contribute to high pollution levels, especially in metropolitan cities. Understanding the impact of air pollution on human health is essential because exposure to polluted air significantly increases the risk of chronic illness and premature death.

According to the World Health Organization, air pollution is responsible for millions of premature deaths globally each year. Studies published in The Lancet highlight India as one of the countries most affected by air quality-related health burdens.

What Is Air Pollution?

Air pollution occurs when harmful substances such as:

particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10)
nitrogen dioxide
sulfur dioxide
ozone
carbon monoxide

accumulate in the atmosphere at unsafe levels.

Among these, PM2.5 particles are particularly dangerous because they are small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream.

Respiratory Health Effects

The most immediate and visible impact of air pollution is on the lungs.

Short-Term Effects

coughing
throat irritation
wheezing
shortness of breath

Long-Term Effects

chronic bronchitis
asthma worsening
reduced lung capacity
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Children and elderly individuals are especially vulnerable.

Impact on Heart Health

Air pollution does not only affect the lungs. Fine particles enter the bloodstream and trigger inflammation.

Long-term exposure increases risk of:

hypertension
heart attack
stroke
atherosclerosis

ICMR reports show cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of mortality in India, with pollution being a significant contributing factor.

Impact on Immune System

Constant exposure to polluted air weakens the immune response.

This leads to:

frequent respiratory infections
slower recovery from illness
increased susceptibility to viral diseases

Pollution also increases systemic inflammation.

Effect on Children’s Health

Children are particularly vulnerable because:

their lungs are still developing
they breathe more air relative to body weight
they spend time outdoors

Long-term exposure may reduce lung growth and increase asthma risk.

Impact on Pregnant Women and Infants

Research published in Lancet indicates that high pollution exposure during pregnancy increases risk of:

low birth weight
premature birth
developmental complications

Protecting pregnant women from pollution exposure is critical.

Air Pollution and Cancer Risk

Prolonged exposure to air pollution increases the risk of lung cancer.

WHO classifies outdoor air pollution as a carcinogen.

Mental Health and Cognitive Impact

Emerging research suggests pollution may contribute to:

cognitive decline
mood disorders
reduced concentration

Clean air supports brain health.

Seasonal Pollution in India

During winter months, many cities experience severe smog due to:

crop burning
temperature inversion
increased emissions

Monitoring Air Quality Index (AQI) helps individuals take precautions.

Signs of Pollution-Related Health Impact

persistent cough
chest tightness
eye irritation
unusual fatigue
worsening asthma

Individuals experiencing these symptoms should consult healthcare providers.

Preventive Measures to Reduce Exposure

Monitor AQI

Avoid outdoor activities during high pollution days.

Use Protective Masks

N95 masks filter fine particles effectively.

Indoor Air Quality

Use air purifiers and keep windows closed during peak pollution.

Avoid High-Traffic Areas

Limit time near busy roads.

Maintain Healthy Lifestyle

Strong immunity helps reduce pollution-related health risks.

Role of Preventive Healthcare

Regular screening for:

lung function
blood pressure
heart health

helps detect early damage caused by pollution.

Urban populations should prioritise routine health checkups.

Long-Term Public Health Impact

Air pollution contributes significantly to:

healthcare burden
productivity loss
economic strain

Preventive awareness and environmental policies are essential.

Conclusion

The impact of air pollution on human health is profound and far-reaching. From respiratory disorders and heart disease to immune suppression and increased cancer risk, polluted air affects nearly every organ system. In India’s urban environment, proactive measures such as monitoring AQI, using protective masks and maintaining regular health screenings are crucial. Protecting oneself from air pollution is not just about comfort—it is a vital step in preserving long-term health and preventing chronic disease.

References

World Health Organization (WHO) – Air Pollution and Health Reports
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) – Environmental Health Studies
National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) – Respiratory and Cardiovascular Data
NITI Aayog – Environmental and Preventive Health Strategy Reports
Lancet – Global Burden of Disease and Air Pollution Research

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