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Published on: Jul 22, 2020
2 minute read
By: Dr Rajan Choudhary

The Oxford Vaccine

Recently we wrote a blog on the success of an RNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. Within just a few weeks of that incredible research breakthrough, researchers at Oxford University’s Jenner Institute have announced a COVID vaccine that has induced remarkable immune response against the virus.

This study was published in the Lancet, one of the most prestigious medical journals in the world, and a simple summary suggests the vaccine has no early safety concern and is able to induce a strong immune response with both T cells and B cell/antibodies.

THE VACCINE

ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, now known as AZD1222, was co-developed by the University of Oxford and one of its spin-off companies, Vaccitech. The vaccine uses a viral vector based on a common cold virus (adenovirus). This carries genetic material for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. In our previous blog, we saw how the spike proteins are used by the virus to target and fuse with our target cells, allowing the virus to invade, replicate and ultimately cause the disease known as COVID. It is also a good target for the human immune system to recognize and attack.

The viral vector delivers the genetic material inside our cells. The spike protein is then produced by our cells, recognized by the immune system as a viral target, and an immune response is created against it. This can be antibodies, which recognize, attach to and mark the virus in our blood, allowing for other white blood cells to destroy the virus.

In this case, the vaccine also produced a T cell response. T cells can recognize cells infected by a virus-based on the markers present on the surface of infected cells. They can tell an infected cell to destroy itself, thereby destroying the virus within without spreading the infection. They also have other functions that we will not discuss in this blog.

THE STUDY

This study was a Phase I/II trial that started in April using the vaccine named ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. This vaccine development started in January 2020, and progress on development has been incredibly rapid. Whilst our previous study had just 45 people, this study looked reviewed over 1,000 healthy adults. 10 of these participants received two doses of the vaccine.

In a study the more participants there are, the greater the power of the study. If the vaccine has any side effects, even ones that rarely occur, it is more likely to be picked up in studies with more people. Similarly having more people helps show that the vaccine is effective, and the strong responses are not merely a fluke or accident. Another benefit of this study is it was able to compare the vaccine against a control group. This shows the results were not simply a placebo and allowed comparison of side effects as well.

The majority of side effects were feeling feverish, chills, muscle ache, headache, and malaise, all symptoms treatable with paracetamol. None of the participants had any serious side effects. It took just 14 days to create a T cell response, and 28 days to make strong antibodies. In 91% of patients, this was enough to neutralize the COVID coronavirus. Receiving two doses gave an even stronger antibody response, and all participants were able to stop the virus.

WHAT NEXT

The news from the University of Oxford is needed, as infection rate and mortality continue to increase in countries such as the US and Brazil. The ability to induce an antibody response without causing harm to the patient shows we have made huge progress in the fight against COVID-19. Further Large scale Phase III trials been set up through a global partnership, and include studies in the US with over 30,000 patients, studies in children as well as some in low to middle-income countries.

If successful a vaccine would be essential in preventing a second wave of COVID in the winter when the elderly population is most at risk. And it would be the key to restarting the economy and getting our everyday lives back to where it was pre-pandemic.

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National Dentist Day: Best Oral Hygiene Tips Shared by Experts

Every year, on March 6th, National Dentist Day is celebrated to recognize the invaluable contributions of dentists in maintaining our oral health. This special day also serves as a reminder of the importance of good oral hygiene habits. Whether you're looking to improve your daily dental routine or seeking expert advice, we’ve compiled the best oral hygiene tips shared by dentists to help you achieve a healthy and confident smile.

1. Brush Properly, Not Just Regularly

Brushing twice a day is essential, but how you brush matters just as much as how often. Experts recommend using a soft-bristled toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste. Follow these steps for effective brushing:

Use a gentle, circular motion rather than scrubbing.
Brush for at least two minutes twice a day.
Ensure you clean all tooth surfaces, including the back molars and gum line.

2. Flossing is Non-Negotiable

Flossing removes food particles and plaque from between your teeth where your toothbrush can’t reach. Dentists suggest flossing at least once a day to prevent cavities and gum disease. If traditional flossing is difficult, consider using:

Water flossers
Interdental brushes
Floss picks

3. Rinse with Mouthwash for Extra Protection

Using an antibacterial mouthwash helps reduce plaque, prevents bad breath, and protects against gum disease. Look for a fluoride-based or alcohol-free mouthwash, especially if you have sensitive gums.

Tip: Rinse for 30 seconds after brushing and flossing for best results.

4. Eat a Tooth-Friendly Diet

What you eat significantly impacts your oral health. Dentists recommend incorporating the following foods into your diet:

Dairy products (milk, cheese, yogurt) to strengthen enamel.
Crunchy fruits and vegetables (apples, carrots) to naturally clean teeth.
Nuts and seeds for essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
Green tea for its antibacterial properties.

Avoid excessive consumption of sugary snacks, acidic beverages, and sticky candies, which can erode enamel and lead to cavities.

5. Stay Hydrated and Limit Sugary Drinks

Drinking plenty of water helps wash away food particles and bacteria, keeping your mouth fresh and clean. Limit soda, sports drinks, and coffee, as they can stain teeth and contribute to decay.

Pro Tip: If you drink sugary or acidic beverages, use a straw to minimize direct contact with your teeth.

6. Replace Your Toothbrush Regularly

A worn-out toothbrush is ineffective at cleaning your teeth. Dentists recommend replacing your toothbrush every 3-4 months or sooner if the bristles are frayed. Using an electric toothbrush can also improve plaque removal.

7. Schedule Regular Dental Checkups

No matter how diligent your oral hygiene routine is, visiting your dentist every six months is crucial for professional cleanings and early detection of dental issues. Regular checkups can help prevent cavities, gum disease, and even serious health conditions linked to poor oral health.

8. Protect Your Teeth While Playing Sports

If you engage in contact sports, wearing a custom-fitted mouthguard can protect your teeth from injuries and fractures. This simple preventive measure can save you from costly dental treatments.

9. Avoid Smoking and Tobacco Products

Smoking and tobacco use are major contributors to gum disease, tooth loss, and oral cancer. If you’re looking for another reason to quit, your oral health is a great motivation. Talk to your dentist about resources to help you quit.

10. Teach Kids Good Oral Hygiene Habits Early

Children should learn proper oral hygiene habits from a young age. Encourage them to:

Brush their teeth with fluoride toothpaste.
Floss regularly.
Visit the dentist every six months.
Avoid excessive sweets and sugary drinks.

Setting a strong foundation for oral health can prevent future dental issues and ensure a lifetime of healthy smiles.

Conclusion

This National Dentist Day, take the opportunity to improve your oral care routine by following these expert tips. Good oral hygiene isn’t just about having a bright smile—it’s also essential for overall health and well-being. Show appreciation for your dentist by prioritizing your dental health and scheduling your next checkup.

For personalized dental care advice, consult a professional at SecondMedic, where expert guidance helps you maintain optimal oral health.