• Published on: Sep 10, 2021
  • 3 minute read
  • By: Second Medic Expert

What Are The Symptoms, Causes, And Treatment Of Prostate Cancer?

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What are the symptoms, causes, and treatment of Prostate cancer?

The different types of prostate cancer are generally classified by grade, degree of progression and staging. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, hormone therapy to suppress testosterone production or blocking the activity of hormones produced by other endocrine glands that stimulate the growth of prostate cancer cells.

Surgical treatment is often recommended when prostate tumors are detected in their early stages-localized stage-as it can usually eliminate them or control tumor growth, so they don't depend on hormones to survive. Surgery may also be recommended if the tumor cannot be seen clearly enough for an accurate diagnosis with imaging tests. Your physician may advise you about this option after discussing your medical history and physical examination results with you.

Symptoms of prostate cancer can be like the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. After noticing these or other symptoms, a doctor will perform a digital examination and ask some general health questions. Possible tests may include an analysis of the fluid secreted by the prostate gland when urinating (known as a "prostate-specific" antigen test), a biopsy, an MRI or CT scan imaging exam, or bone scans to rule out metastasis. Treatment may consist of certain medications that slow down tumor growth including finasteride and others; radiation therapy; surgery with prostatectomy to remove the bladder neck and sectioning/removal of all remaining tissue from within the urinary tract to prevent further spread beyond.

Prostate cancer has no signs or symptoms, so the only prevention is to get screened.

More information to include in the answer: There are several different types of prostate cancer that can be detected with a prostate exam. Some require surgery while others do not. Once diagnosed, treatment for these cancers often focuses on palliative care measures to relieve pain and other bothersome symptoms because prostate tumors rarely spread beyond the confines of this gland; they are considered localized or regional tumors. Treatment for advanced cancers may involve hormone therapy (antiandrogens) or chemotherapy (taxanes like docetaxel).

The symptoms of prostate cancer are also nonspecific and might include a change in frequency or volume of urine flow. An in-depth medical exam often determines the diagnosis, but anxieties in men over forty should be assuaged by getting a PSA test when appropriate. The causes sometimes arise from general conditions common from age 40 on which drive prostate cancer up from 1 out of 100 for people under 40 to 1 out of 4 for people over 80 - such as obesity, diabetes, elevated blood level cholesterol, family history and so forth. It's extra important to look after what we eat and how we live if we have one or more of these conditions already present.

Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men. It is particularly more prevalent in elderly men. Over time, prostate cells may develop genetic damage that can lead to uncontrolled, or out-of-control cell growth. The most frequent cause of prostate cancer is age>40 years and obesity (>120% ideal body weight). Treatment for early-stage prostate cancers include surgery, radiation therapy and hormone therapy drugs.

Risk factors for prostate cancer are advanced age, being overweight or obese, family history of the disease or personal history of other cancers that have affected the gland near the prostate (eg., bladder), heavy consumption of alcohol (>2 drinks/day), sedentary lifestyle involving long periods without exercise (<1>

The symptoms of prostate cancer include difficulty urinating, prolonged or too frequent urination, blood in the urine or semen, pain when passing urine or ejaculating, erectile dysfunction. Possible causes include heredity and dietary factors. Treatments can involve surgery to remove the prostate gland in some cases. Options for this might include nerve-sparing robotic surgery when available.

  • Symptoms of prostate cancer include difficulty emptying the bladder, few or interrupted urination, pain during urination and bowel movement, excessive thin urine (pee), bloody urine or semen.
  • Causes of prostate cancer are close to zero chance of contracting it until you reach your 40's. If you had an older family history that involved prostate cancer, then there is a slightly elevated risk.
  • Medical treatment involves surgery to remove the entire gland or radical surgery where both testicles are removed as well as tissue all around the area called the para urethral region, including some muscle tissue on either side called "the peri spongiosum". This medical procedure may cure tumor not otherwise reachable with surgery.

Most of the symptoms are just a part of an enlarged prostate. The treatment is largely based on the type and stage, so for this answer, I will simply mention recurrences- which can happen in an estimated 5% to 20% of people after being treated. Late-stage cancers have been observed to reach points where they have not been observed to grow or spread but have still appeared to persist. As with any cancer, my suggestion would be that you go see your doctor best suited for your needs if you are concerned about any possible symptoms involving your prostate.

Prostate cancer is the third most common male malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men. It primarily arises from glandular epithelium primarily by way of the prostate ducts and invades nearly every other organ system including bone, lymph nodes and blood vessels.

Symptoms may include hematuria (blood in urine), prostatitis (difficulty urinating), and erectile dysfunction; while risk factors that contribute to getting prostate cancer or who can be diagnosed include age (>50 years old); race (African American); family history of prostate cancer; sexually transmitted diseases such as human papilloma virus or chlamydia infection; diet with high intake of red meat, animal fat, dairy products.

Symptoms of prostate cancer may include difficulty urinating, pain or burning during urination, blood in the urine or semen, frequent trips to the bathroom at night (nocturia) and trouble starting a steady flow of urine. Causes of prostate cancer are related to genetic factors as well as environmental exposure to substances such as pesticides or components in processed foods.

Treatment for Prostate cancer varies depending on its severity. For example, if the tumor is small and is not growing fast it may be watched carefully with regular testing until it grows large enough to produce symptoms like difficulty urinating.

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Chest pain

Chest Pain While Breathing: Causes, Warning Signs, and When to Seek Urgent Care

Chest pain is one of the most alarming symptoms a person can experience, especially when it worsens during breathing. Chest pain while breathing, also known as pleuritic chest pain, often indicates involvement of the lungs, chest wall or surrounding structures. While some causes are mild, others can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.

In India, respiratory infections, air pollution, sedentary lifestyles and delayed medical care contribute significantly to chest-related symptoms.

 

What Does Chest Pain While Breathing Mean?

Chest pain while breathing refers to pain that:

  • worsens with deep inhalation or exhalation

  • may feel sharp, stabbing or burning

  • can be localized or spread across the chest

Pain intensity often increases with coughing or movement.

 

Common Causes of Chest Pain While Breathing

Lung Infections (Pneumonia)

Pneumonia inflames lung tissue and surrounding membranes.

Symptoms include:

  • chest pain while breathing

  • fever

  • cough

  • breathlessness

ICMR data identifies pneumonia as a major cause of respiratory illness in India.

 

Pleuritis (Inflammation of Lung Lining)

The pleura are thin membranes surrounding the lungs.

When inflamed:

  • breathing causes friction

  • sharp chest pain occurs

Pleuritis often follows viral infections or pneumonia.

 

Pulmonary Embolism

A blood clot in the lungs causes:

  • sudden chest pain

  • rapid breathing

  • severe breathlessness

This is a medical emergency requiring immediate care.

 

Chest Wall Muscle Strain

Muscle strain due to:

  • heavy lifting

  • intense coughing

  • poor posture

can cause pain during breathing or movement.

 

Costochondritis

Inflammation of rib cartilage causes:

  • localized chest pain

  • pain worsened by breathing or pressing on the chest

This condition is painful but not life-threatening.

 

Pneumothorax (Collapsed Lung)

Air leakage into the chest cavity causes:

  • sudden sharp chest pain

  • breathlessness

Often seen after trauma or in individuals with lung disease.

 

Heart-Related Causes

Though heart pain usually does not worsen with breathing, conditions such as:

  • pericarditis (heart lining inflammation)

can cause chest pain that changes with respiration.

 

Acid Reflux and Esophageal Spasm

Gastrointestinal causes may mimic chest pain.

However:

  • pain usually relates to meals

  • breathing-related pain should be evaluated carefully

 

Anxiety and Panic Disorders

Anxiety can cause:

  • chest tightness

  • rapid breathing

  • discomfort while breathing

Medical causes must be ruled out before attributing pain to anxiety.

 

Warning Signs That Require Emergency Attention

Seek immediate medical care if chest pain while breathing is associated with:

  • sudden onset

  • severe breathlessness

  • bluish lips or fingers

  • dizziness or fainting

  • sweating

  • coughing up blood

These may indicate life-threatening conditions.

 

Risk Factors for Serious Chest Pain

Higher risk occurs in people with:

  • smoking history

  • recent surgery or long travel

  • lung disease

  • heart disease

  • clotting disorders

Early evaluation is critical.

 

Diagnostic Evaluation

Doctors may recommend:

  • physical examination

  • chest X-ray

  • ECG

  • blood tests

  • CT scan

Timely diagnosis saves lives.

 

Why Chest Pain Should Not Be Ignored

Ignoring chest pain can lead to:

  • delayed treatment

  • worsening respiratory failure

  • preventable complications

WHO emphasises early symptom recognition for better outcomes.

 

Impact of Air Pollution and Lifestyle

Air pollution increases:

  • lung inflammation

  • infection risk

Sedentary habits reduce lung capacity, worsening symptoms.

 

Preventive Measures

Helpful preventive steps include:

  • avoiding smoking

  • staying physically active

  • managing respiratory infections early

  • maintaining good posture

  • staying hydrated

Preventive care reduces risk.

 

Role of Preventive Health Checkups

Regular health screening helps detect:

  • early lung disease

  • heart risk factors

  • chronic inflammation

Early intervention prevents emergencies.

 

When Chest Pain Is Less Likely Serious

Pain may be less concerning if:

  • localized

  • reproducible on touch

  • improves with rest

However, medical confirmation is still necessary.

 

Importance of Timely Medical Consultation

Chest pain should always be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

Delaying care can:

  • increase complications

  • raise mortality risk

Early action saves lives.

 

Conclusion

Chest pain while breathing is a critical symptom that should never be ignored. While causes range from muscle strain and infections to serious lung and heart conditions, only proper medical evaluation can determine the exact cause. Early diagnosis, timely treatment and preventive care are essential to protect respiratory and cardiovascular health. When it comes to chest pain, it is always safer to act early than to wait.

 

References

  • Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) – Respiratory and Cardiovascular Health Reports

  • World Health Organization (WHO) – Chest Pain and Respiratory Symptoms Guidelines

  • National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) – Adult Respiratory Health Data

  • Lancet – Pulmonary Embolism and Chest Pain Research

  • NITI Aayog – Preventive Healthcare and Early Symptom Recognition

See all

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